Innovate History

Bhitargaon Temple,Kanpur District ,Uttar Pradesh: The only surviving brick temple of Ancient World. 1. Saurabh Saxena ," Bhitargaon – The Glory in Terracotta”,www. puratattva.in https://puratattva.in/2011/12/04/bhitargaon-the-glory-in-the-terracottas-1366 2. Rana Safvi, “The marvel at Bhitargaon”, The Hindu dated 9th December 2018. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-marvel-at-bhitargaon/article25698771.ece

Important historic valued points in the  Article by S. Muthiah, “The ancient ports of India”, The Hindu dated 14th April 2017 The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea details proposed by KRA Narasiah, former naval engineer.   ‘The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ [Greek] translation ‘The Guide to the Red Sea’ [English]  1.       The book “The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’” contains an anonymous Greek merchant’s tale of his voyage from the Greek port of Piraeus to the ports of the Red Sea , which is the Red Sea itself and all seas beyond it to the mouth of the Ganges. It was a journey by sea to Alexandria , by land to Heliopolis (Cairo) , by boat 300 miles up the Nile and then by camel to the ports of Myos Hormo s or the much bigger Berenike , then onwards. Written in 60 AD, it is considered the last word on the ports of India of that period. 2.       Translation of Ports : ·          Barygaza — Bharuch; ·          Syrastrene — Saurashtra; ·          Suppara

THE GROWTH OF TRADE GUILDS Introduction: ·         At the beginning of the Middle Ages, most trade was in luxury goods, which only the wealthy could afford. People made everyday necessities for themselves. ·         By the High Middle Ages, more local people were buying and selling more kinds of products. These included everyday goods, such as food, clothing, and household items. They also included the specialized goods that different towns began producing, such as woolen cloth, glass, and silk. ·         Most towns had a market, where food and local goods were bought and sold. Much larger were the great merchant fairs, which could attract merchants from many countries. A town might hold a merchant fair a couple of times a year. ·         The goods for sale at large fairs came from all over Europe, the Middle East, and beyond. With the growth of trade and commerce, merchants grew increasingly powerful and wealthy. They ran sizable businesses and looked for trading opportun

THE GROWTH OF MEDIEVAL TOWNS Introduction: In the ancient world, town life was well established, particularly in Greece and Rome. Ancient towns were busy trading centers. But after the fall of the Roman Empire in the west, trade with the east suffered, and town life declined. In the Early Middle Ages, most people in Western Europe lived in scattered communities in the countryside. By the High Middle Ages, towns were growing again. Reasons for the Growth of Medieval Towns: 1.      Growth of Agriculture: Farmers were clearing forests and adopting better farming methods. As a result, they had a surplus of crops to sell in town markets. And because of these surpluses, not everyone had to farm to feed themselves. 2.      Revival of trade: Seaport towns, such as Venice and Genoa in Italy, served as trading centers for goods from the Middle East and Asia. Within Europe, merchants often traveled by river, and many towns grew up near these waterways. 3.     Beginning of Set

The Art and Architecture of Early Medieval Europe ·                 Medieval Europe saw the development of different styles of architecture throughout different regions of the Continent. Although many of these architectural styles shared common features, they were also unique in their own respect. ·                 Western Europe, for instance, had a shared Roman heritage of architecture but regions such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Iberian Peninsula evolved significantly different styles of construction. ·                 The British Isles in the North evolved their own style of construction in the Anglo-Saxon period from the 6th to 11th century and then embraced a new style under the Normans. Such ever-changing social and political currents greatly shaped medieval architecture in Europe. Anglo Saxon Architecture ·                 Anglo Saxon architecture was the style of architecture used by the Germanic Anglo-Saxons in England from the 5th to 11th centuries. ·    

THE CRUSADES Introduction: ·          The Crusades (1095 – 1291) are a series of military expeditions made by western Christians seeking to free the Holy Land from Muslim domination. It attracted every social class in central Europe, Kings and commoners, barons and bishops, knights and knaves, all participated in these expeditions to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. ·       The idea of ​​the crusade originated when the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos appealed to the West to help him repel the Turkish invaders advancing in Anatolia. In response, Urban II called the Council of Clermont and, on November 25, officially declared the crusade. ·          An additional objective later became the main objective of the expedition: the Christian re-conquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem, the liberation of Eastern Christians from Muslim rule. ·          Etymology: The crusaders derived their name from the Latin word for ‘cross’ – crux. A crusader went to the Holy L